Cermin Dunia Kedokteran

Antibacterial Activity of Face Scrub Preparation of Ethanol Extract of Amis-amisan Leaf (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

2024-02-02T08:10:51+07:00

Background: Houttuynia cordata Thunb leaves contain secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and physical characteristics of face scrub formulations containing ethanol extract of H. cordata leaves at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% against Staphylococcus aureus using the diffusion method. Methods: The study also assessed the effectiveness of 96% ethanol as a solvent for extraction using the maceration method, conducted phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, and physical characterization of the formulations. Result: The extraction process yielded 57.07 grams of extract with a percentage yield of 28.53%. Phytochemical screening and TLC analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the average inhibition zone diameters of the face scrub formulations, which were 1.127 cm, 1.282 cm, and 1.460 cm for extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Physical evaluations, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and irritation tests, showed that all formulations met the required physical standards. The face scrub formulation with 30% extract concentration exhibited the best antibacterial activity against S. aureus while meeting the required physical characteristics. Conclusion: This study evaluates the antibacterial activity and characteristics of face scrub preparations based on ethanol extract of amis-amisan leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. The study shows that the extract of amis-amisan leaves contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, which have the potential to provide antibacterial effects.

The Effect of Refractive Status on Near Stereopsis in School-age Children

2025-01-24T16:01:19+07:00

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the effect of refractive status on near stereopsis function among school-age children. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study in 13 orphanages in Malang city with 334 respondents. Visual acuity (VA) and inter-eye line difference were measured using LogMAR of LVRC chart. Refractive status was determined using spherical equivalent (SE) of autorefractometer, classified into emmetropia, myopia and hypermetropia (low, moderate, and high). Near stereopsis was measured using TNO and Butterfly test in arcsecond and completion time also calculated. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman test. Results: There were significant differences of refractive status and inter-eye line difference to both TNO and butterfly score and time (p<0.05). The group with more severe refractive status and more inter-eye line difference in VA have lower stereopsis score and longer completion time. There were no differences between the age group to both TNO and butterfly score and time (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between TNO and butterfly test (p<0.05, r= 0.365). Conclusion: There is a significant difference of refractive status and inter-eye line difference on near stereopsis function in school-aged children. Stereopsis test may be beneficial for screening of refractive disorder.

Visual System Impairment in Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia Patients

2024-06-27T12:52:16+07:00

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are constrictive vasculopathy diseases which may involve retina, retinal blood vessels, and brain cortex, causing mild to severe visual complications and even blindness. These problems can be prevented with regular early detection or comprehensive examination. Appropriate and fast treatment can reduce the risk of more severe damage and even permanent disability.

Diagnosis and Management of Ophthalmia Neonatorum

2024-06-13T00:03:23+07:00

Ophthalmia neonatorum or neonatal conjunctivitis is an acute conjunctivitis in newborns under the age of 1 month. The causes are grouped into aseptic and septic types. Diagnosis is made by clinical symptoms and signs as well as laboratory examination. Appropriate treatment based on etiology can prevent permanent eye damage. Without optimal treatment, complications such as corneal ulceration, perforation, and even blindness may occur.

Erythroderma Psoriasis

2023-12-20T08:11:30+07:00

Introduction: Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) is a rare type of psoriasis and can be life-threatening. EP requires intensive observation because the large area of the scaly skin increases the risk of secondary infection and sepsis, disrupts the regulation of body temperature, and causes loss of protein, electrolytes, and fuids. Case: Male, 37 years old, with reddish and scaly skin all over the body since 1 day, accompanied by pain and itch. The patient had a history of psoriasis with routine treatment. Discussion: Diagnosis is based on history and typical clinical fndings. The management is intravenous fuids, antibiotics, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and a combination of topical therapy. Conclusion: Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) is a rare and potentially life-threatening type of psoriasis that requires close bservation, as it can lead to shock and organ failure.

Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis with Organ Dysfunction

2024-01-02T21:24:52+07:00

Background: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction most commonly triggered by medications, particularly antibiotics. AGEP is characterized by the rapid onset of numerous small, sterile, non-follicular pustules on an erythematous base. Case: A 38 year-old female with a rapidly progressing rash, fever, and malaise after taking cefxime for surgical wound. Physical examination revealed difuse, erythematous plaques with numerous small, non-follicular pustules distributed to almost the entire body except the face. Laboratory fndings were leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Patient was treated with dexamethasone and ampicillin sulbactam injections. But skin reactions were severely worsened accompanied by a worsened vital signs, necessitating Intensive Care Unit (ICU) monitoring. The total EuroSCAR score is 9, categorized as defnite AGEP. Skin resolution occurred after 5 days of corticosteroid therapy. Discussion: The use of antibiotics is one of the triggering factors for AGEP. In this case, skin reactions appeared within 24-48 hours after drug exposure. Conclusion: AGEP is a rare clinical condition. Identifying and discontinuing the causative drug is crucial for successful treatment.

Stunting in a Child with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Iron Deficiency Anemia

2023-11-03T13:51:15+07:00

Background: Stunting is defined as low height-for-age caused by chronic or recurrent undernutrition. Undernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally. It is usually associated with poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness and/or inappropriate feeding and care in early life. Stunting prevents children from reaching their physical and cognitive potential, so appropriate management is needed. Case: weight for age but severely stunted and suggestive TB. Blood study result showed anemia with Mentzer index >13. Bone age showed the age of A 4 year-old girl was referred with breathing difficulty since 2 weeks accompanied with decreased appetite and weight. She was in normal 3 years and below chronological age. Management was focused on TB, nutritional, and anemia treatment. Conclusion: Nutritional assessment should be integrated into standard TB care and also simultaneously treat iron deficiency anemia.

Sarcopenia in Liver Chirrosis Patient

2024-02-27T18:08:31+07:00

Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in muscle mass, strength, and function. Hepatic cirrhosis is a catabolic condition, the breakdown of muscle protein exceeds its synthesis; it is closely related to the occurrence of sarcopenia. This association is associated with more severe complications of cirrhosis, more frequent hospital visits, and early death. This literature review will provide insight into the importance of appropriate prevention, monitoring, and management of cirrhosis.

LGR-5 as a Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinicopathological Features and Prognostic Value

2024-03-24T00:01:04+07:00

Colorectal cancer (CRC) had the third highest cancer incidence worldwide. Recent researches are targeting specific gene expression as CRC marker. Leucine rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is one of the genes that regulate tumor metastasis and growth. The aim of this study is to explain the correlation between LGR5, clinical pathology, and prognosis of CRC. This systematic review was arranged using PRISMA for eligible cohort studies and evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. From 63 articles, 6 articles were selected as eligible articles for data extraction and evaluation. Based on the studies, LGR5 positivity was positively associated with histopathological characteristics, TNM staging, and vascular invasion. Besides, LGR5 expressions in those studies were high and could be positively detected by this marker. LGR5 regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway promotion in normal colon stem cell. Methylation of Wnt target gene promoter is potent predictor to CRC recurrence thus the expression of LGR5 can be used as CRC marker. LGR5 plays a role as pro-oncogenic factor in colorectal carcinogenesis via prostaglandin E2 and Epidermal Growth Factor signaling. LGR5 induction also could increase cancer cells chemoresistant ability. Thus, LGR5 could determine prognosis of CRC patient and were related to certain clinicopathological features and tumor progressions.

Asparaginase for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Therapy in Children

2024-06-26T07:45:54+07:00

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently diagnosed childhood malignancy. The five-year survival rate in high-income countries is higher than in low-income countries. Asparaginase remains the cornerstone of treatment in childhood ALL. There are several types of asparaginase available worldwide, including native E. coli asparaginase, pegasparaginase, Erwinia asparaginase, calaspargase pegol, and recombinant Erwinia asparaginase. Hypersensitivity reactions are the main complication related to asparaginase. The other concern is the development of anti-asparaginase antibodies which results in silent inactivation with no therapy benefit. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required in pediatric patients with ALL undergoing asparaginase therapy.

Safety of Cranberries in the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection

2024-07-23T20:50:58+07:00

Urinary tract infection is a common disease with high recurrence. UTI is usually treated with antibiotics, however high bacteria resistance towards first-line antibiotic treatment is becoming a health issue. Cranberries have been shown to prevent the adhesion of bacteria to host cell, hence preventing UTI. This systematic review aimed to determine the effectivity and safety of cranberry for prevention of urinary tract infection. Systematic Review was done with search engine from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, starting with forming clinical question using PICO framework. Studies included was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The outcomes extracted from each study are the effectiveness and safety of cranberries in UTI prevention. Eight studies were reviewed, seven studies concluded that cranberries can significantly
prevent UTI, while 1 study found that the result was not significant. Three studies reported minimal adverse effect in a small percentage of patients. Cranberries can reduce the incidence of recurrent UTI with minimal adverse effect. PACs (proanthocyanidins) in cranberries can prevent bacteria adhesion, therefore preventing colonization of the bacteria in the urinary tract. Further research on dose and duration are required.

Mucocutaneous Defense Mechanisms against Candida Infection

2023-12-19T15:54:22+07:00

Candida albicans is a commensal organism that can may become invasive and fatal under certain circumstances. Several genetic variations in the human genome towards susceptibility to Candida infections have been identified. There are a number of genes associated with Candida virulence factors, host environment, and immune response. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are characterized by leucine-rich and nucleotidebinding domains that can detect intracellular signals through various types of cytoplasmic domains. CLRs are family of PRRs that bind glycan through recognition of extracellular carbohydrate and mediate intracellular signaling through various type of cellular domains, resulting in a decrease of neutrophils and facilitating the occurrence of fungal infections. This study review the genetic determinant of defense mechanisms and immune deficiencies against Candida infection.