Kontrol Metabolik pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v47i3.360Keywords:
Diabetes melitus tipe-1, HbA1c, kontrol metabolikAbstract
Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe-1 adalah kondisi yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan sel-β pankreas baik oleh proses autoimun maupun idiopatik, sehingga produksi insulin berkurang atau berhenti. DM tipe-1 sampai saat ini belum dapat disembuhkan, tetapi kualitas pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak dan remaja dapat dipertahankan seoptimal mungkin dengan upaya kontrol metabolik dengan baik. Untuk tujuan tersebut, diperlukan komponen pengelolaan DM tipe-1 yang terdiri dari lima pilar terintegrasi meliputi pemberian insulin, nutrisi, olahraga, dan edukasi didukung oleh pemantauan secara mandiri. Kontrol metabolik yang baik adalah mengusahakan kadar glukosa darah berada dalam batas normal atau mendekati nilai normal, tanpa menyebabkan hipoglikemia dengan target kontrol HbA1c <7%.
Type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition caused by pancreatic β-cell damage either by an autoimmune or idiopathic process resulting reduced or stopped insulin production. Type-1 DM can not be cured yet but the quality of growth and development of children and adolescents can be maintained optimally by metabolic control. These goals and objectives can be achieved through type-1 DM management that consists of integrated five pillars including insulin, nutrition, exercise, education, and supported by independent monitoring. Good metabolic control is to keep blood glucose levels within normal limits or close to normal values, without causing hypoglycemia. HbA1c <7% is a target of good metabolic control.
Downloads
References
Pulungan AB, Annisa D, Imada S. Diabetes melitus tipe-1 pada anak: Situasi di Indonesia dan tatalaksana. Sari Pediatri. 2019;6:392-400.
Darwish HM, Kharroubi AT. Diabetes melitus: The epidemic of the century. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:850-67.
Mayer-Davis EJ, Kahkoska AR, Jefferies C, Dabelea D, Balde N, Gong CX, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19:7-19.
Ridwan Z, Bahrun U, Pakasi RDN. Ketoacidosis diabetic di diabetes melitus tipe 1. Indones J Clin Pathol Med Laboratory. 2016;2:200-3.
Tridjaya B, Yati NP, Faizi M, Marzuki AN, Moelyo AG, Soesanti F. Konsensus nasional pengelolaan diabetes melitus tipe 1. 3rd Ed. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2015. p. 1-96.
Usher-Smith JA, Thompson MJ, Zhu H, Sharp SJ, Walter FM. The pathway to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: A questionnaire study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:1-10.
Endyarni B, Batubara JRL, Boediman I. Effects of structured educational intervention on metabolic control of type-1 diabetes melitus patients. Pediatr Indones. 2006;46:260-5.
Cooke DW, Platnick L. Type 1 diabetes melitus in pediatrics. Pediatr in Rev. 2008;28:347-85.
Beck JK, Pharm, Cogen FR. Outpatient management of pediatric type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Pharmacol. 2015;5:344-57.
Rahmawati L, Soedjatmiko, Gunardi H, Sekartini R, Batubara JRL, Pulungan AB. Gangguan perilaku pasien diabetes melitus tipe-1 di poliklinik endokrinologi anak Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Sari Pediatri 2007;4:264-9.
Unit Kerja Koordinasi Endokrinologi Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Yati NP, Tridjaja BAAP, eds. Diagnosis dan tata laksana diabetes melitus tipe-1 pada anak dan remaja. [Internet]. 2017:1-16. Available from: http://www.idai.or.id/professional-resources/guideline-consensus/diagnosis-dan-tata-laksana-diabetes-mellitus-tipe-1-pada-anak-dan-remaja
Rustama DS, Yati NP, Andriana N, Pulungan AB. Diabetes melitus. In: Batubara JRL, Tridjaja BAAP, Pulungan AB, eds. Buku ajar endokrinologi anak. 2nd Ed. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2018. p. 146-206.
Leighton E, Sainsbury CAR, Jones GC. A practical review of C-peptide testing in diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2017;8:475-87.
Jones AG, Hattersley AT. The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabes Med. 2013;30:803-17.
Himawan IW, Pulungan AB, Tridjaja B, Batubara JRL. Komplikasi jangka pendek dan jangka panjang diabetes melitus tipe 1. Sari Pediatri. 2009;10:367-72.
Katsarou A, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Rawshani A, Dabelea D, Bonifacio E, Anderson BJ, et al. Type 1 diabetes melitus. Nature Rev. 2017;3:1-17.
Indriyani R, Adji H. Hubungan antara status kontrol glikemik, vitamin D dan gizi pada anak diabetes melitus tipe 1. J Kedokt Brawijaya. 2018;2:114-20.
Turton JL, Raab R, Rooney KB. Low-carbohydrate diets for type 1 diabetes melitus: A systematic review. Plos ONE. 2018;13:1-16.
Skyler JS, Bakris GL, Bonifacio E, Darsow T, Eckel RH, Groop L, et al. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. Diabetes. 2017;66:241-55.
Napitupulu IHN. Prevalensi diabetes melitus tipe 1 pada anak di RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan periode 2012-2016 [Skripsi]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2017.
Tuomilehto J. The emerging global epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:795-804.
DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, Craig ME, Hofer SE, Pillay K, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):105-14.
Soenggoro EP, Purbasari R, Pulungan AB, Tridjaja BAAP. Glycemic control in diabetic children and adolescents after attending diabetic camp. Paediatr Indones. 2011;5:294-7.
Danne T, Philip M, Buckingham BA, Jarosz-Chobot P, Saboo B, Urakami T, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):115-35.
Deliana M, Siregar CD, Hakimi, Wisman. Pemberian insulin pada diabetes melitus tipe-1. Sari Pediatri. 2007;9:48-53.
Smart CE, Annan F, Higgins LA, Jelleryd E, Lopez M, Acerini CL. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):136-54.
American Diabetes Association. Children and adolescents: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl.1):148-64.
Wherrett DK, Ho J, Huot C, Legault L, Nakhla M, Rosolowsky E. Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents diabetes Canada clinical practice guidelines expert committee. Can J Diabetes. 2018;24:234-46.
Lennerz BR, Barton A, Berstein RK, Dikeman D, Diulus C, Hallberg S. Management of type 1 diabetes with a very low–carbohydrate. Pediatrics. 2018;141:1-10.
Brink S, Lee WRW, Pillay K. Diabetes in children and adolescents: Basic training for healthcare professionals in developing country. In: Zacharin M, ed. Practical paediatric endocrinology in a limited resource setting. Melbourne: National Library of Australia; 2011. p. 198-231.
Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE, Davis EA, Fournier PA, Annan F, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):205-26.
PhelanH, Lange K, Cengiz E, Gallego P, Majaliwa E, Pelicand J, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):136-54.
Donaghue KC, Marcovecchio, Wadwa RP, Chew EY, Wong T, Calliari E. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guideline 2018: Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl.27):262-74.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Cermin Dunia Kedokteran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
