Post-COVID-19 Neurological Disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v51i8.1532Keywords:
COVID-19, post-COVID-19 neurological disorders, long COVIDAbstract
Post-COVID-19 neurological disorders, also known as post-covid neurology syndrome (PCNS), are an integral part of long COVID and include various health problems that can last for several weeks, several months, or even years. These neurological disorders can vary, such as postCOVID fatigue syndrome, ognitive impairment, anosmia and ageusia, headaches, or diseases such as stroke and GBS, which still require further research on the mechanisms. Until now, there has been no definitive diagnostic examination, so the history and physical examination must be precise. Further management is given according to the complaint.
Downloads
References
WHO. WHO timeline – COVID 2019 [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.
WHO. WHO coronavirus disease dashboard [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jun;55(6):105948. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948. Epub 2020 Mar 19. Erratum in: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Sep;56(3):106137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106137. PMID: 32201353; PMCID: PMC7156162.
WHO. WHO A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19condition by a Delphi consensus [Internet]. 2021 Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). COVID-19 rapid guideline: Managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188.
Rodríguez-Hernández YA, Villamizar-Gómez FJ, Mantilla-Pardo JC, Robledo-Arias JS, Rahman S, Lozada-Martinez ID, et al. Post-COVID-19 neurological syndrome: The need to define a cut-off score between the acute and post-COVID-19 phases. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Nov;71:102983. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102983.
Susanto AD, Isbaniah F, Pratomo IP, Antariksa B, Samoedro E, Taufik M, et al. Clinical picture and quality of life of post-COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Presented at: 18th Scientific Respiratory Medicine Meeting; 2021 Feb 11; Jakarta, Indonesia. Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia - Persahabatan Hospital; 2021.
Heneka MT, Golenbock D, Latz E, Morgan D, Brown R. Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020 Jun 4;12(1):69. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00640-3.
Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham MS, Penfold RS, Bowyer RC, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):626–31. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y. Epub 2021 Mar 10. Erratum in: Nat Med. 2021 Jun;27(6):1116. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01361-2. PMID: 33692530; PMCID: PMC7611399.
Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M, et al; PHOSP-COVID Collaborative Group. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): A UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Nov;9(11):1275-87. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0. Epub 2021 Oct 7. Erratum in: Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jan;10(1):e9. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00540-3. Erratum in: Lancet Respir Med. 2024 Jun;12(6):e41. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00142-5. PMID: 34627560; PMCID: PMC8497028.
Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re'em Y, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Aug;38:101019. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019.
Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: Tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chemical Neurosci. 2020 Apr 1;11(7):995-8. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122.
Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Jul;87:18-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031.
Mannan Baig A, Wasay M. Covid-19 infection; loss of taste, smell, and neurogenic respiratory failure. Pak J Neurol Sci. 2020;15(1)10.
Shryane N, Pampaka M, Aparicio-Castro A, Ahmad S, Elliot MJ, Kim J, et al. Length of stay in ICU of Covid-19 patients in England, March - May 2020 Int J Popul Data Sci. 2021 Mar 3;5(4):1411. DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i4.1411.
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long covid—Mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021 Jul 26;374:n1648. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1648. Erratum in: BMJ. 2021 Aug 3;374:n1944. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1944. PMID: 34312178.
Monroy-Gómez J, Torres-Fernández O. Effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on the nervous system. What can we expect from SARS -CoV-2? Biomedica. 2020 Oct 30;40(Supl.2):173–9. DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5682.
Stefanou MI, Palaiodimou L, Bakola E, Smyrnis N, Papadopoulou M, Paraskevas GP, et al. Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: A narrative review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022 Feb 17;13:20406223221076890. DOI: 10.1177/20406223221076890.
Doblan A, Kaplama ME, Ak S, Basmacı N, Tarini EZ, Goktas SE, et al. Cranial nerve involvement in COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Sep-Oct;42(5):102999. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102999.
Najjar S, Najjar A, Chong DJ, Pramanik BK, Kirsch C, Kuzniecky RI, et al. Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):231.
Moreno-Perez O, Merino E, Leon-Ramirez JM, Andres M, Ramos JM, Arenas-Jimenez J, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study. J Infect 2021; S0163-4453(21)00009-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004.
Mackay A. A paradigm for post-Covid-19 fatigue syndrome analogous to ME/CFS. Front Neurol. 2021 Aug 2;12:701419. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.701419.
Olson KL, Marc MS, Grude LA, McManus CJ, Kellermann GH. The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis: The actions of the central nervous system and potential biomarkers. Anti-aging Therapeut. 2012;13:91–100.
Ferguson AV, Latchford KJ, Samson WK. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus — A potential target for integrative treatment of autonomic dysfunction. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Jun;12:717–27. DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.6.717.
Stefano GB, Ptacek R, Ptackova H, Martin A, Kream RM. Selective neuronal mitochondrial targeting in SARS-CoV-2 infection affects cognitive processes to induce “brain fog” and results in behavioral changes that favor viral survival. Med Sci Monit. 2021 Jan 25;27: e930886. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.930886.
Guo P, Benito Ballesteros A, Yeung S, Liu R, Saha A, Curtis L, et al. COVCOG 2: Cognitive and memory deficits in long COVID: A second publication from the COVID and cognition study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022 Mar 17;14:804937. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.804937.
Huth SF, Cho SM, Robba C, Highton D, Battaglini D, Bellapart J, et al. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the first 6 months of pandemic reporting. Frontiers Neurol [Internet]. 2021;12:664599. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.664599.
Generoso JS, Barichello de Quevedo JL, Cattani M, Lodetti BF, Sousa L, Collodel A, et al. Neurobiology of COVID-19: How can the virus affect the brain? Braz J Psychiatr. 2021 Feb 10;43:650-64. DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1488.
Altuna M, Sánchez-Saudinós M, Lleó A. Cognitive symptoms after COVID-19. Neurol Perspect. 2021 Dec;1:S16-S24. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurop.2021.10.005.
Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020 Jul 31;6(31):eabc5801. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abc5801.
Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020 Feb 24;12(1):8. DOI:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
Milanetti E, Miotto M, Di Rienzo L, Nagaraj M, Monti M, Golbek TW, et al. In-Silico evidence for a two receptor based strategy of SARS-CoV-2. Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Jun 9;8:690655. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.690655.
Wijaya C, Shen R. Gangguan saraf dan otak pada kondisi long covid makin umum. Ini gejala dan cara mendeteksinya [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 18]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/gangguan-saraf-dan-otak-pada-kondisi-long-covid-makin-um um-ini-gejala-dan-cara-mendeteksinya-159805.
Membrilla J, Caronna E, Trigo-López J, González-Martínez A, Layos-Romero A, Pozo-Rosich P, et al. Persistent headache after COVID-19: Pathophysiology, clinic and treatment. Neurol Perspectives 2021 Dec;1:S31-S6. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurop.2021.10.003.
Wang Z, Yang Y, Liang X, Gao B, Liu M, Li W, et al. COVID-19 associated ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, potential pathological mechanism, and management. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 27;11:571996. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.571996.
Fraiman P, Godeiro Jr C, Moro E, Cavallieri F, Zedde M. COVID-19 and cerebrovascular diseases: A systematic review and perspectives for stroke management Front Neurol. 2020 Nov 5;11:574694. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.574694.
Avula A, Nalleballe K, Narula N, Sapozhnikov S, Dandu V, Toom S, et al. COVID-19 presenting as stroke. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Jul;87:115-9. DOI:
1016/j.bbi.2020.04.077.
Lahiri D, Ardila A. COVID-19 pandemic: A neurological perspective. Cureus 2020 Apr;12(4):e7889. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7889.
Alberti P, Beretta S, Piatti M, Karantzoulis A, Piatti ML, Santoro P, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 Apr 29;7(4):e741. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000741.
Overview: Covid-19 rapid guideline: Managing the long-term effects of COVID-19: Guidance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 18]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG188.
Bannister S. Neurological rehabilitation post-COVID-19. Physiotherapy 2022 Feb;114:e189–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.12.167.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Patricia Michelle Lukito, Budi Riyanto Wreksoatmodjo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
