Vaksin Influenza dan COVID-19:Sebuah Tinjauan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i6.88Keywords:
vaksin influenza, COVID-19Abstract
Pendahuluan: SARS-CoV-2 merupakan agen virus penyebab COVID-19, penyakit yang menjadi wabah secara global. Gejala infeksi COVID-19 beragam, sebagian besar dengan derajat ringan, namun sekitar 14% mengalami perburukan. Vaksinasi influenza diperkirakan dapat berperan sebagai faktor protektif terhadap COVID-19. Metode: Tinjauan literatur mengenai vaksin influenza dan COVID-19 menggunakan beberapa sumber seperti Google Cendekia, PubMed, dan WHO. Hasil: Influenza dan COVID-19 menunjukkan gejala serta karakteristik kelompok risiko tinggi yang serupa. Koinfeksi virus influenza dapat meningkatkan keparahan gejala COVID-19. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vaksinasi influenza berasosiasi negatif dengan kematian akibat COVID-19, dan dapat mengurangi keparahan klinis. Mekanisme imunitas bawaan yang dipicu oleh vaksinasi dapat menghasilkan efek protektif, hal ini dapat memberikan peluang yang lebih baik dalam melawan virus. Simpulan: Selain mengurangi risiko koinfeksi influenza dengan COVID-19, vaksin influenza juga dapat berperan sebagai agen protektif terhadap COVID-19.
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is the viral agent that causes COVID-19, a disease that is becoming a pandemic. The symptoms of COVID-19 arediverse, about 14% of individuals experience deterioration. Influenza vaccination may have a role as a protective factor in COVID-19. Methods: A literature review on influenza vaccine and COVID-19 is conducted using several sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and WHO. Results: Influenza and COVID-19 show similar symptoms as well as same characteristics of high-risk groups. Influenza virus co-infection can increase the severity of COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that influenza vaccination was negatively associated with mortality from COVID-19, and could reduce the severity of clinical symptoms. The innate immune mechanism triggered by vaccination could produce a protective effect. Conclusions: Apart from reducing the likelihood of influenza coinfection with COVID-19, influenza vaccine can also act as a protective agent against COVID-19.
Downloads
References
Graham Carlos W, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-NCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(4):7-8. doi:10.1164/rccm.2014P7
WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
Zanettini C, Omar M, Dinalankara W, Imada EL, Colantuoni E, Parmigiani G, et al. Influenza vaccination and COVID19 mortality in the USA. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020:1-17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325191/. doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.20129817
Hashemi SA, Safamanesh S, Ghasemzadeh-moghaddam H, Ghafouri M, Azimian A. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (H1N1) coinfection in dead patients in Northeastern Iran. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):1008-12. doi:10.1002/jmv.26364
Amato M, Werba JP, Frigerio B, Coggi D, Sansaro D, Ravani A, et al. Relationship between influenza vaccination coverage rate and COVID-19 outbreak: An italian ecological study. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):1-11. doi:10.3390/vaccines8030535
WHO. How can I avoid getting the flu? [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/how-can-i-avoid-gettingthe-flu?gclid=CjwKCAiAsOmABhAwEiwAEBR0Zkfd2dl0SxqUhwulJlBEAnAQP-lK7OiLtUb5gSzyCr304fGi0e0XIBoCgsQQAvD_BwE
Fink G, Orlova-Fink N, Schindler T, et al. Inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine is associated with lower mortality among Covid-19 patients in Brazil. medRxiv [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142505v1
Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Behrens S, Boehme JD, Hochnadel I, Riese P, Guzman CA, et al. Respiratory influenza A virus infection triggers local and systemic natural killer cell activation via toll-like receptor 7. Front Immunol. 2018;9(FEB):1-13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00245
Maltezou HC, Theodoridou K, Poland G. Influenza immunization and COVID-19. Vaccine. 2020;38(39):6078-79. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.058
Faust J S, Rio C. Assessment of deaths from COVID-19 and from seasonal influenza. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1045-6. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2306
Distante C, Piscitelli P, Miani A. Covid-19 outbreak progression in Italian regions: Approaching the peak by march 29th. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(9):3025.
Arokiaraj MC. Correlation of influenza vaccination and the COVID-19 severity. SSRN Electron J [Internet]. 2020:1-71. Available from: https://case.edu/law/sites/case.edu.law/files/2020-09/CLE%2010-21.pdf
Mao H, Tu W, Liu Y, Qin G, Zheng J, Chan PL, et al. Inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by influenza virions and hemagglutinin. J Virol. 2010;84(9):4148-57. doi:10.1128/jvi.02340-09
Mao H, Tu W, Qin G, Law HKW, Sia SF, Chan PL, et al. Influenza virus directly infects human natural killer cells and induces cell apoptosis. J Virol. 2009;83(18):9215-22. doi:10.1128/jvi.00805-09
Denney L, Aitken C, Li CKF, Wilson-Davies E, Kok WL, Clelland C, et al. Reduction of natural killer but not effector CD8 t lymphoyctes in three consecutive cases of severe/lethal H1N1/09 influenza a virus infection. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010675
Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):375-88. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6
Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, et al. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science. 2016;352(6284):aaf1098. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf1098
Aaby P, Kollmann TR, Benn CS. Nonspecific effects of neonatal and infant vaccination: Public-health, immunological and conceptual challenges. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(10):895-9. doi:10.1038/ni.2961
Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, Mack M, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK, et al. Dysregulated type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(2):181-93. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.007
Pizzolla A, Nguyen THO, Sant S, Jaffar J, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, et al. Influenza-specific lung-resident memory t cells are proliferative and polyfunctional and maintain diverse TCR profiles. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(2):721-33. doi:10.1172/JCI96957
Purwar R, Campbell J, Murphy G, Richards WG, Clark RA, Kupper TS. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are abundant in human lung: Diversity, function, and antigen specificity. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):16245. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016245
Hui KPY, Cheung MC, Perera RAPM, Ng KC, Bui CHT, Ho JCW, et al. Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: an analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(7):687-95. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30193-4
Henderson LA, Canna SW, Schulert GS, Volpi S, Lee PY, Kernan KF, et al. On the alert for cytokine storm: Immunopathology in COVID-19. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(7):1059-63. doi:10.1002/art.41285
Grant EJ, Josephs TM, Loh L, Clemens EB, Sant S, Bharadwaj M, et al. Broad CD8 + T cell cross-recognition of distinct influenza A strains in humans. Nat Commun.2018;9(1):1-16. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07815-5
McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Kuchel GA, Pawelec G. The immune response to influenza in older humans: Beyond immune senescence. Immun Ageing. 2020;17(1):1-10. doi:10.1186/s12979-020-00181-1
de Bree LCJ, Koeken VACM, Joosten LAB, Aaby P, Benn CS, van Crevel R, et al. Non-specific effects of vaccines: Current evidence and potential implications. Semin Immunol. 2018;39:35-43. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2018.06.002
Higgins JPT, Soares-Weiser K, López-López JA, Kakourou A, Chaplin K, Christensen H, et al. Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: Systematic review. BMJ. 2016;355:5170. doi:10.1136/bmj.i5170
Leentjens J, Kox M, Stokman R, Gerretsen J, Diavatopoulos D, van Crevel R, et al. BCG vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of subsequent influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers: A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1930-8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv332
Andrew MK, Bowles SK, Pawelec G, Haynes L, Kuchel GA, McNeil SA, et al. Influenza vaccination in older adults: Recent innovations and practical applications. Drugs and Aging. 2019;36(1):29-37. doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0597-4
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Cermin Dunia Kedokteran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
