Antibiotic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v52i9.1608Keywords:
Children, antibiotic, urinary tract infection, resistanceAbstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in children. This infection occurs when bacteria from the urethra ascend into the urinary tract, causing an infection that extends from the urethra to the renal parenchyma. The etiology could be bacteria, virus, or fungi, mostly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Urine culture is the gold standard for UTI diagnosis and to determine appropriate therapy, especially antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a global issue, as 80% of healthcare facilities prescribe antibiotics for treatment. The incidence of resistance is higher in developed countries than in non-developed countries, with the highest incidence occurring in children aged 0-5 years. Antibiotic resistance increases mortality and morbidity and is also associated with higher costs. In the case of ISK, E. coli is also the pathogen with the highest incidence of antibiotic resistance, which may be associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics. The ease of obtaining antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription and a history of previous antibiotic use are factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Downloads
References
Sindhu B, Oulimata K, Grossman AA. Urinary tract infections in children. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Daniel M, Szymanik-Grzelak H, Sierdzinski J, Podsiadły E, Kowalewska-Młot M, Panczyk-Tomaszewska M. Epidemiology and risk factors of UTIs in children-a single-center observation. J Pers Med. 2023;13(1):1–14. doi: 10.3390/jpm13010138.
Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, Hon KL. Urinary tract infection in children. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019;13(1):2–18. doi: 10.2174/1872213X13666181228154940.
Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Konsensus infeksi saluran kemih pada anak. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia; 2011.
Simoes E Silva AC, Oliveira EA, Mak RH. Urinary tract infection in pediatrics: an overview. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96 (Suppl 1):65–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.006.
Desai DJ, Gilbert B, McBride CA. Paediatric urinary tract infections: diagnosis and treatment. R Aust Coll Gen Pract. 2016;45(8):558–63. PMID: 27610444.
Bryce A, Hay AD, Lane IF, Thornton HV, Wootton M, Costelloe C. Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;352:1–10. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i939.
Fitriawati I, Wahyunitisari MR, Prasetyo RV, Puspitasari TJ. The characteristics of children with UTI due to ESBL-producing bacteria at Dr. Soetomo general academic hospital, Surabaya. Biomol Heal Sci J. 2021;4(1):38–41. doi: 10.20473/bhsj.v4i1.25392.
Uzodi AS, Lohse CM, Banerjee R. Risk factors for and outcomes of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli infections in children. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(2):245–57. doi: 10.1007/s40121-017-0152-3.
Kaufman J, Temple-Smith M, Sanci L. Urinary tract infections in children: an overview of diagnosis and management. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2019;3(1):1–9. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000487.
Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia. Panduan penatalaksanaan (guidelines) urologi anak (pediatric urology) di Indonesia. Jakarta: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia; 2016.
Mattoo, Tej K, Shaikh Nader, Nelson CP. Contemporary management of urinary tract infection in children. Am Acad Pediatr. 2021;147(2):1–12. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-012138.
Romandini A, Pani A, Schenardi PA, Pattarino GAC, De Giacomo C, Scaglione F. Antibiotic resistance in pediatric infections: global emerging threats, predicting the near future. Antibiot (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(4):1–12. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10040393.
Esposito S, Biasucci G, Pasini A, Predieri B, Vergine G, Crisafi A, et al. Antibiotic resistance in paediatric febrile urinary tract infections. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2022;29:499–506. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.11.003.
Adhima F, Wahyunitisari MR, Prasetyo RV, Setiabudi RJ. Bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance pattern among children with urinary tract infections in Dr. Soetomo hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Indones J Trop Infect Dis. 2022;10(2):124–36. doi: 10.20473/ijtid.v10i2.32908.
Shkalim ZV, Ashkenazi S, Levinsky Y, Richenberg Y, Jacobson E, Nathanson S, et al. Pathogens causing pediatric community acquired urinary tract infections and their increasing antimicrobial resistance: a nationwide study. Pathogens 2024;13:1–11. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13030201.
Donaliazarti. Mekanisme resistensi terhadap anti mikroba. Collab Med J. 2022;5(3):37–45. doi: 10.36341/cmj.v5i3.3274.
Husna A, Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Sikder MH, Islam MR, Rahman MT, et al. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines 2023;11(11):1–22. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11112937.
Raman G, McMullan B, Taylor P, Mallitt KA, Kennedy SE. Multiresistant E. coli urine infections in children: a case-control study. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(4):336-40. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-312831.
Topaloglu R, Er I, Dogan BG, Bilginer Y, Ozaltin F, Besbas N, et al. Risk factors in community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(5):919-25. doi: 10.1007/s00467-009-1431-3.
Cheng CH, Tsai MH, Huang YC, Su LH, Tsau YK, Lin CJ, et al. Antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in children with vesicoureteral reflux receiving prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Pediatrics 2008;122(6):1212-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2926.
Mahony M, McMullan B, Brown J, Kennedy SE. Multidrug-resistant organisms in urinary tract infections in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35:1563–73. doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04316-5.
Tsai MH, Chu SM, Hsu JF, Lien R, Huang HR, Chiang MC, et al. Risk factors and outcomes for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia in the NICU. Pediatrics 2014;133(2):e322-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1248.
Kim YK, Pai H, Lee HJ, Park SE, Choi EH, Kim J, et al. Bloodstream infections by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in children: epidemiology and clinical outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(5):1481-91. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1481-1491.
Hsu AJ, Tamma PD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 58(10):1439–48. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu069.
Cho SY, Choi SM, Park SH, Lee DG, Choi JH, Yoo JH. Amikacin therapy for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(1):156–61. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2016.31.1.156.
Parajuli NP, Maharjan P, Parajuli H, Joshi G, Paudel D, Sayami S, et al. High rates of multidrug resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli in children and analyses of ESBL producers from Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s13756-016-0168-6.
Pardede SO. Infeksi pada ginjal dan saluran kemih anak: manifestasi klinis dan tata laksana. Sari Pediatri [Internet]. 2018;19(6):364–74. Available from: https://saripediatri.org/index.php/sari-pediatri/article/view/1342/pdf.
Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, Henry BV, Grundmeier RW, Keren R. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007;298(2):179-86. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.2.179.
Bitsori M, Maraki S, Galanakis E. Long-term resistance trends of uropathogens and association with antimicrobial prophylaxis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(6):1053-8. doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2719-x.
Lutter SA, Currie ML, Mitz LB, Greenbaum LA. Antibiotic resistance patterns in children hospitalized for urinary tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(10):924–8. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.159.10.924.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE [Internet]. 2022 Jul 27. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng224.
Autore G, Bernardi L, Ghidini F, La Scola C, Berardi A, Biasucci G, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of urinary tract infections in children: guideline and recommendations from the Emilia-Romagna pediatric urinary tract infections (UTI-Ped-ER) study group. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jun 12;12(6):1040. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12061040.
A‘t Hoen L, Bogaert G, Radmayr C, Dogan HS, Nijman RJM, Quaedackers J, et al. Update of the EAU/ESPU guidelines on urinary tract infections in children. J Pediatr Urol. 2021;17:200–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.01.037.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Erdiana, Hendratno Halim Teng
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
