Pengaruh Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) terhadap Fungsi Kognitif

Authors

  • Vidya Gani Wijaya Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Budi Riyanto Wreksoatmodjo Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i2.196

Keywords:

fungsi kognitif, sistem saraf, COVID-19

Abstract

Pasien COVID-19 memiliki gejala bervariasi. Saat ini, selain ditemukan gejala pada sistem pernapasan dan pencernaan, gejala di sistem organ lain pun mulai banyak ditemukan, salah satunya pada sistem saraf dengan gejala neurologis yang bervariasi seperti anosmia (sering), stroke, nyeri kepala, kejang, dan penurunan fungsi kognitif. Tata laksana pasien dengan penurunan fungsi kognitif masih diteliti. Beberapa pilihan terapi di antaranya human recombinant erythropoietin, flavonoid, dan terapi imun (IVIg) yang masih kontroversial.

COVID-19 patients have varied symptoms. At present, in addition to symptoms in the respiratory and digestive systems, symptoms in other organ systems have begun to be found, one of which is in the nervous system with various neurological symptoms such as anosmia (frequent), stroke, headaches, seizures, and decreased cognitive function. Management of patients with decreased cognitive function is still being studied. Several therapeutic options include human recombinant erythropoietin, flavonoids, and immune therapy (IVIg), which are still controversial.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Wu YC, Chen CS, Chan YJ. The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview, J Chinese Med Assoc. 2020;83(3):217-20 doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270

World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/id

Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19) [Updated 2021 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

García-Azorín D, Abildúa M, Aguirre M, Fernández SF, Moncó J, Guijarro-Castro C, et al. Neurological presentations of COVID-19: Findings from the Spanish Society of Neurology neuroCOVID-19 registry. J Neurological Sci. 2021;423:117283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117283

Beaud V, Crottaz-Herbette S, Dunet V, Vaucher J, Bernard-Valnet R, Du Pasquier R, Clarke S. Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2021;92(5):567-8.

Boldrini M, Canoll PD, Klein RS. How COVID-19 affects the brain. JAMA Psychiatr. 2021;78:682-3

Parasher A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. Postgrad Med J. 2021;97(1147):312-20.

Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Khalil AA, Alhumaydhi FA, Tufail T, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: Epidemiology, etiology, conventional and non-conventional therapies. Internat J Environmental Res Publ Health 2020;17(21):8155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218155

World Health Organization. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for infection prevention precautions [Internet]. 2020 Jul 9. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions

Central for Disease control and prevention. Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2 and surface transmission for indoor community enviroment [Internet]. 2020 Apr 5. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html

Island T. Evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19) StatPearls; 2020.

Da Rosa Mesquita R, Silva Jr LCF, Santana FMS, de Oliveira TF, Alcantara RC, Arnozo GM, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in the general population: systematic review. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2021;133(7-8):377–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01760-4

McIntosh K, Hirsch M, Bloom A. COVID-19: Clinical features. Uptodate.com [Internet]. 2021 [cited 27 March 2021]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-clinical-features

Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young, M, &dison, P. Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ 2021;374:1648.

O’Regan C, Cronin H, Kenny RA. The Irish longitudinal study on ageing: Mental health and cognitive function. TILDA; 2018.

Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatr. 1982;139(9):1136-9.

Panduan nasional praktik klinik demensia: Diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan demensia. Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia; 2015.

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study. Lancet 2021;397(10270):220-32.

Hampshire A, Trender W, Chamberlain SR, Jolly AE, Grant JE, Patrick F, et al Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19. EClinicalMed.2021;39:101044.

Stefano GB, Ptacek R, Ptackova H, Martin A, Kream RM. Selective neuronal mitochondrial targeting in SARS-CoV-2 infection affects cognitive processes to induce 'brain fog' and results in behavioral changes that favor viral survival. Med Sci Monitor 2021;27:e930886. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.930886

Lucchese G, Flöel A. Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pacemaker neurons. Autoimmunity Rev. 2020;19(7):102556.

Boldrini M, Canoll PD, Klein RS. How COVID-19 affects the brain. JAMA Psychiatry 2021;78(6):682–3. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500

Natoli S, OliveiraV, Calabresi P, Maia LF, Pisani A. Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(9):1764-73.

Marshall M. COVID and the brain: Researchers zero in on how damage occurs. Nature. 2021;595(7868):484-5. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-01693-6..

Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng J. COVID-19 and alzheimer’s disease: How one crisis worsens the other. Translational Neurodegeneration 2021;10(1):1-17.

Oh ES, Vannorsdall T, Parker AM. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subjective memory problems. JAMA Network Open 202;4(7): 2119335.

Søraas A, Bø R, Kalleberg KT, Støer NC, Ellingjord-Dale M, Landrø NI. Self-reported memory problems 8 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Network Open 2021;4(7):2118717.

RamanR, Rajalakshmi R, Surya J, Ramakrishnan R, Sivaprasad S, Conroy D, et al. Impact on health and provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 lockdown in India: A multicentre cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021;11(1):043590.

Ocon AJ. Caught in the thickness of brain fog: Exploring the cognitive symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Frontiers in Physiology 2013;4:63. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00063

Yelland GW. Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32: 90– 3. doi:10.1111/jgh.13706.

Jensen JH, Støttrup MM, Nayberg E, Knorr U, Ullum H, Purdon SE, et al. Optimising screening for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Validation and evaluation of objective and subjective tools. J Affective Disord. 2015;187:10-9

Frontera JA, Lewis A, Melmed K, Lin J, Kondziella D, Helbok R, et al. Prevalence and predictors of prolonged cognitive and psychological symptoms following COVID-19 in the United States. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:690383.

Cunningham EL, McGuinness B, Herron B, Passmore AP. Dementia. The Ulster Med J 2015;84(2):79–87.

Nauen DW, Hooper JE, Stewart CM, Solomon IH. Assessing brain capillaries in coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(6):760–2. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0225

Martin-Jimenez P, Munoz-Garcia MI, Seoane D, Roca-Rodriguez L, Garcia-Reyne A, Lalueza A, et al. Cognitive impairment is a common comorbidity in deceased COVID-19 patients: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(4):1367

Tsapanou A, Papatriantafyllou JD, Yiannopoulou K, Sali D, Kalligerou F, Ntanasi E, et al. The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on people with mild cognitive impairment/dementia and on their caregivers. Internat J Geriatric Psychiatr. 2021;36(4): 583-7.

Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM, Nielsen S, Kunalan K, Rungby J, et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;46:39-48.

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021;27:601–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z

Frontera JA, Lewis A, Melmed K, Lin J, Kondziella D, Helbok R, et al. Prevalence and predictors of prolonged cognitive and psychological symptoms following COVID-19 in the United States. Frontiers in Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:690383. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690383.

Hernández CC, Burgos CF, Gajardo AH, Silva-Grecchi T, Gavilan J, Toledo JR, et al. Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on neurodegenerative and ischemic brain diseases: The role of erythropoietin receptor. Neural Regeneration Res. 2017;12(9):1381–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.215240

Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Begemann M, Busch M, Vieta E, Miskowiak KW. Erythropoietin as candidate for supportive treatment of severe COVID-19. Molecular Med. 2020;26(1):1-9.

Bakoyiannis I, Daskalopoulou A, Pergialiotis V, Perrea D. Phytochemicals and cognitive health: Are flavonoids doing the trick? Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1488-97.

.Theoharides TC, Cholevas C, Polyzoidis K, Politis A. Long-COVID syndrome-associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue. Biofactors 2021;47(2) 232-241

Rendeiro C, Rhodes JS, Spencer JP. The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochemistry Internat. 2015; 89:126-39.

Novak P. Post COVID-19 syndrome associated with orthostatic cerebral hypoperfusion syndrome, small fiber neuropathy and benefit of immunotherapy: A case report. Eneurologicalsci. 2020;21:100276

Tran TT, Jilaveanu LB, Omuro A, Chiang VL, Huttner A, Kluger HM. Complications associated with immunotherapy for brain metastases. Curr Opinion Neurol. 2019;32(6):907–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000756

Fiala M, Restrepo L, Pellegrini M. Immunotherapy of mild cognitive impairment by ω-3 supplementation: Why are amyloid-β antibodies and ω-3 not working in clinical trials? J Alzheimer's Dis. 2018;62(3):1013–22. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170579

Straubmeier M, Behrndt EM, Seidl H, Özbe D, Luttenberger K, Graessel E. Non-pharmacological treatment in people with cognitive impairment. Deutsches Arzteblatt Internat. 2017;114(48):815–21. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0815

Vavougios GD, Stavrou V, Papayianni E, Fradelos EC, Astara K, et al. Investigating the prevalence of cognitive impairment in mild and moderate COVID-19 patients two months post-discharge: Associations with physical fitness and respiratory function. National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) Scholarship [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.057752.

Oh ES, Vannorsdall T, Parker AM. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subjective memory problems. JAMA Network Open 202;4(7):2119335.

Downloads

Published

01-02-2022

How to Cite

Wijaya, V. G., & Wreksoatmodjo, B. R. (2022). Pengaruh Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) terhadap Fungsi Kognitif. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 49(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i2.196

Issue

Section

Articles