Tinjauan atas Epilepsi Pasca-Trauma Kapitis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i11.314Keywords:
Cedera kepala, epilepsi, trauma kapitisAbstract
Epilepsi pasca-trauma kapitis merupakan salah satu disabilitas akibat cedera kepala; yaitu bangkitan epileptik yang terjadi setelah 7 hari sampai bertahun-tahun pasca-trauma kapitis. Epilepsi pasca-trauma kapitis lebih sering ditemukan pada laki-laki, terutama di kelompok usia 0-12 tahun dan 15-27 tahun. Beberapa mekanisme perubahan aktivitas otak yang memicu bangkitan setelah cedera kepala, antara lain peningkatan penanda inflamasi dan sitokin serta perubahan sawar darah-otak; perubahan tersebut berperan penting dalam patogenesis kejang pasca-trauma. Pengobatan anti-konvulsan (OAE) jangka panjang direkomendasikan untuk pasien epilepsi pasca-trauma kapitis. Tingkat remisi epilepsi pasca-trauma kapitis adalah sekitar 25% - 40% dengan pengobatan awal yang dilakukan.
Post-traumatic epilepsy, one of the disabilities due to head injury, is epileptic seizures that occur after 7 days to years after head injury. It is more common in males and peaks in the 0-12 year and 15-27 year age groups. Several mechanisms may trigger changes in brain activity after head injury; including increased inflammatory markers and cytokines, and changes in the blood-brain barrier; those changes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic seizures. Long-term anticonvulsant treatment (OAE) is recommended for patients with posttraumatic epilepsy. The remission rate of post-traumatic epilepsy is 25%-40% with early initial treatment.
Downloads
References
PERDOSSI. Konsensus nasional penanganan trauma kapitis dan trauma spinal. 2006.
Tim Neurotrauma. Pedoman tata laksana cedera otak (guideline in management of traumatic brain injury). 2nd Ed. Surabaya; 2014.
Piccenna L, Shears G, O'Brien TJ. Management of post-traumatic epilepsy: An evidence review over the last 5 years and future directions. Epilepsia Open 2017;2(2):123-44.
Verellen RM, Cavazos JE. Post-traumatic epilepsy: An overview. Therapy 2010;7(5):527-31.
Hung C, Chen JWY. Treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 2012;13:293-306.
Anwer F, Oliveri F, Kakargias F, Panday P, Franchini APA, Iskander B, et al. Post-traumatic seizures: A deep-dive into pathogenesis. Cureus 2021;13:4e14395.
Yu T, Liu X, Sun L, Wu J, Wang Q. Clinical characteristics of post-traumatic epilepsy and the factors affecting the latency of PTE. BMC Neurol. 2021;5;21(1):301.
Ding K, Gupta PK, Diaz-Arrastia R. Epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. In: Laskowitz D, Grant G, editors. Translational research in traumatic brain injury. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group; 2016.
Huff JS, Murr N. Seizure. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Fisher R, Cross H, D'Souza C, French JA, Haut S, Higurashi N, et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017. Operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):531-42.
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):512-21.
Aninditha T, Wiratman W. Buku ajar neurologi. Departemen Neurologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2017.
Wylie T, Sandhu DS, Murr N. Status epilepticus. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Georges A, M Das J. Traumatic brain injury. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Sharma R, Leung WL, Zamani A, O'Brien TJ, Casillas Espinosa PM, Semple BD. Neuroinflammation in post-traumatic epilepsy: Pathophysiology and tractable therapeutic targets. Brain Sci. 2019;9:318.
Tomkins O, Feintuch A, Benifla M, Cohen A, Friedman A, Shelef I. Blood-brain barrier breakdown following traumatic brain injury: A possible role in posttraumatic epilepsy. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2011;2011:765923. doi: 10.1155/2011/765923.
DeGrauw X, Thurman D, Xu L, Kancherla V, DeGrauw T. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury-associated epilepsy and early use of anti-epilepsy drugs: an analysis of insurance claims data, 2004-2014. Epilepsy Res. 2018;146:41–49.
Pengurus Besar Ikatan Dokter Indonesia. Panduan praktis klinis bagi dokter di fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer. 1st Ed. 2017.
Dewanto G, Suwono W, Riyanto B, Turana Y. Panduan praktis diagnosis dan tata laksana penyakit saraf. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran: EGC; 2007.
Fisher R, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55(4):475-82.
Burke J, Gugger J, Ding K, Kim JA, Foreman B, Yue JK, et al. Association of posttraumatic epilepsy with 1-year outcomes after traumatic brain injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;1;4(12):e2140191.
Yogarajah M. Crash course neurology. 4th ed. Elseivier; 2013.
Xu T, Yu X, Yang J, He L, Chen Y. Risk factors for posttraumatic epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy & Behaviour 2017;67:1-5.
Laing J, Gabbe B, Chen Z, Perucca P, Kwan P, O’Brien TJ. Risk factors and prognosis of early posttraumatic seizures in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA Neurology 2022;79(4):334-41.
Ritter AC, Wagner AK, Fabio A, Pugh MJ, Walker WC, Szaflarski JP, et al. Incidence and risk factors of posttraumatic seizures following traumatic brain injury: A traumatic brain injury model systems study. Epilepsia 2016;57:1968.
Frey LC. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: A critical review. Epilepsia 2003;44 Suppl 10:11.
Shaikh F, Waseem M. Head trauma. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
