Vaksin ETEC: Solusi Baru Pencegahan Foodborne Disease
Analisis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v52i9.1621Kata Kunci:
ETEC, foodborne disease, vaksinAbstrak
Diare tetap menjadi penyebab utama kematian anak balita secara global dan di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2020, angka kematian anak balita usia 12-59 bulan akibat diare sebesar 4,55%. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) dapat menyebabkan sekitar 220 juta episode diare secara global. Vaksin ETEC dikembangkan untuk mencegah beban penyakit akut dan dampak jangka panjang, seperti gangguan pertumbuhan dan kognitif terkait infeksi berulang. Pemodelan kesehatan masyarakat menunjukkan vaksin ETEC berpotensi mengurangi 4,2%–6,0% kematian akibat diare terutama pada bayi dan anak-anak di negara berkembang, serta vaksin ETEC juga menurunkan kebutuhan antibiotik sehingga dapat meningkatkan efsiensi biaya pengobatan. Makalah ini merangkum struktur dan patogenesis ETEC, manifestasi klinis, serta lanskap pengembangan vaksin terkini dengan fokus pada antigen faktor kolonisasi (CFs) dan toksin LT/ST. Kandidat utama yang ditinjau termasuk ETVAX (vaksin oral sel utuh diinaktivasi yang saat ini pada fase 2b) dan pendekatan multivalen yang menargetkan CFs paling umum, yang secara teoritis dapat melindungi terhadap 70%–80% strain penyebab penyakit pada populasi berisiko.
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