Gastroenteritis Norovirus dan Perkembangan Vaksin Norovirus
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v52i9.1614Kata Kunci:
Gastroenteritis, norovirus, vaksinAbstrak
Gastroenteritis akibat virus menyebabkan jutaan kasus diare setiap tahun. Saat ini, norovirus dilaporkan menjadi penyebab utama kedua diare akut di seluruh dunia setelah rotavirus pada semua kelompok umur pasien anak, baik di negara maju maupun berkembang. Norovirus merupakan virus RNA beruntai tunggal dari famili Caliciviridae. Strain manusia terbesar berasal dari genogroup II, genotipe 4 (II.4). Penularan norovirus umumnya ditularkan melalui jalur fekal-oral dengan manusia sebagai inang utama; virus ini memiliki dosis infeksi sangat rendah, mampu bertahan pada beragam suhu dan permukaan,serta dapat diekskresikan sebelum munculnya gejala, sehingga memfasilitasi penyebaran yang cepat. Manifestasi klinis infeksi norovirus meliputi mual, muntah, kram perut, dan diare; risiko dehidrasi meningkat pada balita, lansia, dan individu imunokompromais. Hingga saat ini pengembangan vaksin norovirus masih menemui sejumlah kesulitan, antara lain karena faktor sifat kompleks norovirus, respons kekebalan tubuh manusia, kultur virus, dan keterbatasan model hewan untuk uji vaksin. Saat ini, beberapa vaksin masih dalam tahap pra-klinis. Pengembangan vaksin perlu dipercepat sekaligus memaksimalkan pencegahan infeksi norovirus.
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Referensi
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